The H-BIO process was developed to introduce a renewable oil source in the diesel fuel production scheme taking advantage of existing plants. The vegetable oil stream blended with mineral diesel fractions is hydroconverted in Hydrotreating Units (HDT), which are mainly used for diesel sulphur content reduction and quality improvement in petroleum refineries. Renewable Diesel Production Routes CENPES, the Petrobras Research and Development Center, has a mission to develop and provide new solutions and the H-BIO technology is an innovative process which has been developed as one project of the Petrobras Refining Technology Program – PROTER. This process involves a catalytic hydroconversion of the mixture of diesel fractions and vegetable oil in an HDT reactor under controlled conditions of high temperature and hydrogen pressure. The triglycerides from the vegetable oil are transformed into linear hydrocarbon chains, similar that already existing in the diesel coming from petroleum. The most important aspect of H-BIO process is its very high conversion yield, at least 95% v/v to diesel, without residue generation and a small propane production as a by-product. H-BIO in a Typical Refinery Scheme The converted product contributes to improve the diesel pool quality in the refinery, mainly increasing the cetane number, reducing the sulphur content and density. The diesel pool quality upgrade will be a consequence of the vegetable oil percentage used in H-BIO process. H-Bio Process Yields A large range of operational conditions and several vegetable oils, like soybean and castor oils, were tested in pilot plants. Afterwards, industrial tests have been carried out in HDT Units for technical evaluation, demonstrating the technology flexibility. Petrobras is considering to have the H-BIO process operating at least in three refineries by the end of 2007 with vegetable oil consumption around 256.000 m3 per year corresponding to 10% of the Brazilian soybean oil exportation in 2005. The implantation of the H-BIO process in other two Petrobras refineries is planned for 2008, which will increase the total vegetable oil consumption to about 425.000 m3 per year, which is equivalent to 16% of 2005 Brazilian soybean oil exportation. These 2007 and 2008 program steps will require investments around US$ 38 and US$ 23 million, respectively, to adjust the production and logistic systems. By 2008, the H-BIO process will promote a potential 25% diesel importation decrease avoiding an expenditure of US$ 240 million. The Petrobras H-BIO technology introduces a new way to include renewable feedstocks for bio-fuels production in addition to the Brazilian Biodiesel Program, which is getting ahead following a fast track development. This will enhance the biomass role in Brazilian transportation fuel supply, generating environmental benefits and improving social inclusion.